Cybernetics

Created by Norbert Weiner, it studies communications and control systems in organisms and machines. It draws on biology, philosophy, social science, systems theory, and mathematics. Cybernetics explores dynamic systems, complexity, control, feedback, adaptation, learning, cognition, homeostasis, artificial intelligence, chaos, and neural networks. A cybernetic system involves a series of operations in which information gained at one stage can be fed back to modify later stages of the process. Such feedback allows control systems to check and adjust behavior as required.