Nanotechnology

The technology of materials or devices on a molecular or atomic scale: 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension. New nanotechnology materials and devices are finding applications in medicine, electronics, cosmetics, and energy, for example; also called microscopic technology. When dimensions are quite small on the order of atoms — quantum effects come into play and introduce changes in physical properties such as melting point, and electromagnetic and optical properties. Scanning tunneling microscopes have been used to manipulate single molecules, an important step on the way to atomic scale machines. As for the present, nanotechnology is being used to make tinier electronic devices, the construction of small sensors, in medicine (for example to make TV cameras that can be swallowed), in hybrid materials used in tires and fabrics that repel stains and make them fireproof. Some environmentalists are concerned that the introduction of ultra-small particles into the atmosphere and living organisms may have unexpected negative consequences.